The history of Mackay is inextricably linked to the rise of its sugar cane industry, a story of transformation that began in the mid-19th century and continues to shape the region today. The catalyst for this transformation was the introduction of sugar cane cultivation, which turned Mackay into one of Australia's most significant sugar-producing areas.

In 1865, John Spiller, one of Mackay's early settlers, successfully planted the first sugar cane crop. This experiment proved fruitful, setting the stage for a rapid expansion of the industry. The fertile plains around Mackay were ideal for sugar cane, and the region’s warm, tropical climate provided the perfect growing conditions. By the 1870s, large-scale sugar plantations were established, and Mackay began to attract a wave of European settlers eager to capitalize on the lucrative industry.

The labor-intensive nature of sugar cane farming led to the introduction of indentured labor from the South Sea Islands. Between the 1860s and 1900s, thousands of South Sea Islanders were brought to Mackay to work on the sugar plantations. These workers, often referred to as "Kanakas," endured harsh conditions and had a profound impact on the cultural and social fabric of the region. Despite the controversial and often exploitative nature of their recruitment, the Islanders' legacy remains an integral part of Mackay's history.

The industry's growth spurred the development of infrastructure, including the construction of numerous sugar mills. By the early 20th century, Mackay was home to several mills, each playing a crucial role in processing the vast quantities of cane harvested. The Pleystowe Mill, established in 1869, became one of the oldest continuously operating sugar mills in the world until its closure in 2018.

The economic prosperity brought by the sugar industry led to significant urban development in Mackay. The wealth generated from sugar exports funded the construction of public buildings, schools, and other infrastructure, transforming Mackay into a bustling regional hub. The establishment of the Mackay Port in 1939 further boosted the local economy, facilitating the export of sugar to international markets.

However, the industry also faced challenges, particularly from natural disasters. Cyclones have periodically devastated crops and infrastructure, testing the resilience of the local community. The industry has had to adapt to changing environmental conditions and economic pressures, including fluctuations in global sugar prices and competition from other sugar-producing regions.

Despite these challenges, the sugar industry remains a cornerstone of Mackay's economy and identity. Today, the region's sugar mills continue to operate, blending traditional practices with modern technology to maintain their competitiveness. The annual Mackay Show, which features exhibits on agriculture and sugar production, highlights the ongoing importance of the industry to the local community.

The story of Mackay's sugar cane industry is one of innovation, resilience, and cultural diversity. It encapsulates the transformative impact of agriculture on a region and the enduring legacy of those who contributed to its growth. This rich history is preserved in museums, historical sites, and the collective memory of the Mackay community, serving as a testament to the region's enduring spirit.